Obeservation of Users Experience of Samsung Galaxy Phones Essay

Obeservation of Users Experience of Samsung Galaxy Phones - Essay Example An important series feature of this series is that it has android operating system with high speed processors up to GHZ speed. Besides, it supports 3G. Galaxy series phone models are available in both LED and LCD displays. The nine smart phone models which include in the Samsung Galaxy series is (a) Samsung Galaxy 5i5503 (b) Samsung Galaxy Prop (c) Samsung Galaxy 55115510 (d) Samsung Galaxy Fit S5670 (e) Samsung Galaxy Pro B7510 (f) Samsung Galaxy 315801 (g) Samsung Galaxy Ace S5830 (h) Samsung Galaxy S19000 (i) and Samsung Galaxy S II. Samsung Galaxy S II is the latest model. Praises for this phone includes statements like: â€Å"Few words for this handset â€Å"Simply the best Smart phone,† yes it is a best Android Powered smart phone with furious and blazing features. It is the successor of Galaxy S, with some improvements† (9 Smartphones in Samsung Galaxy Series [Review & Prices], 2011). The price of this series comes in the range of 165 to 619.98.The latest version Galaxy has online readers functions. The security functions of the Galaxy are much developed, including device encryption in the latest Galaxy series. It also has a feature of Cisco Web EX with the help of this technology a secure online meeting can be done. Dual Core Application Processor: The equipment has high speed capabilities to support multitasking. It also enables high speed web page loading and other features like image editing high speed gaming etc. With these capabilities it facilitates high performance and has a very slim design which makes it very handy for use. It is about 8.49mm and easy to grip. It has a look with its battery cover. A huge gallery of song and music can be stored in this, including online searching, discovering, and downloading track with ease. There are also many applications available on Samsung store for better performance software which we can download and installed without any difficulty. The music system is bass enhanced and gives good quality even at highest volume of sound. Samsung mobile can transfer data by using Microsoft exchange server which keeps the user up to date with contacts, events and so on. Another improvement is the concern about security and its management. Samsung and Sybase work together for managing and securing the android devices. â€Å"This partnership provides the comprehensive capabilities that it requires to allow mobile workers access to enterprise assets using the Samsung GALAXY S II. It can now confidently extend corporate security policies to the Samsung Android platform, allowing for the adoption of both personally owned and corporate owned GALAXY S II’s† (Simply the Best Smartphone!, 1995). â€Å"Making the impossible possible. Samsung Dual Core Application Processor is the ultra responsive answer to mobile performance, providing high-speed multitasking, quick web page loading, quick reaction speeds, a smoother UI, lightning fast image editing and high performance gaming. An d with its screaming fast encoding/decoding ability, which supports all (1080p/30fps) video playing and shooting, outshines the other dual core processors. Seamless video or music streaming gets a big boost with the super fast wireless standard HSPA 21Mbps. outstanding computing power, outstanding performance† (Samsung Galaxy S Review, 2006, p. 1). Thoughts, Feelings and Process: The

Comprehensive Examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Comprehensive Examination - Essay Example is a renowned philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose thoughts, teachings, and ideas have been very influential on the American society as well as around the world (Neil, 2005). John Dewey believed that learning needs to be active and not long and restrictive. He believed that children could learn much more if things were aught on a practical basis rather than only theories. Dewey has written a number of works in various subjects however his most famous subject is education. Dewey has won a number of awards like the Doctor â€Å"Honoris Causa† from university of Oslo, Pennsylvania, Yale and Rome and he has also won Copernican Citation in 1943. Dewey’s theory was presented in ‘My Pedagogic Creed’ (1897). According to Dewey education is a necessity of life and every person starts learning right from the time of birth. A teacher plays a very important role in the educational system. It is up to the teacher to help stimulate the child’s powers by ensuring the child faces a social situation which stimulates the child’s powers. It is essential that the teacher understands the need for a student to be a part of the social society, and that the person being educated is a social individual and is a part of the society which is an organic union of individuals (Emand, 2000). If any one of these are eliminated it would cause a very bad effect on the child’s education as well as the life of the individual. According the Dewey’s theory it is always better to make children study in a more practical way rather than in a standard classroom structure where the students thoughts are limited and the students are not given a chance to bloom and bring out fresher ideas. As he has already mentioned it is also possible to teach children maths by learning proportions in cooking or even time limits in travelling between places by a mule can help children develop their mathematics skills. Also the teaching structure for this type of education would require

Effects Of Concentration On The Absorbance Values

Effects Of Concentration On The Absorbance Values Abstract: A 0.2100 M stock solution of cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate was analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy. A series of dilutions of the stock solution were made to analyze the effects of concentration on the absorbance values of cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The copper (II) chloride hexahydrate was found to have the highest absorbance value at an average wavelength of 511.02 nm. The average molar extinction coefficient for copper (II) chloride hexahydrate was found to be 4.5172. Spectroscopic analyses of dilutions of the stock solution were used to create a calibration curve of absorbance versus concentration of the cobalt chloride hexahydrate solution. A solution of unknown concentration was analyzed using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The calibration curve was used to determine that the unknown had a concentration of 0.1250 M. Introduction: Ultraviolet/Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy analyzes electronic transitions between atoms and molecules. Spectra are produced when electrons in molecules or atoms move from one electronic energy level to another of higher energy. In doing so, the absorbed energy is equal to the difference between to the two levels. Compounds that absorb light in the visible region are colored. Compounds that absorb light only in the ultraviolet region are colorless. Inside a UV-Vis spectrophotometer there are usually two light sources, a tungsten lamp for the visible region (380-800 nm) and a deuterium lamp for the ultraviolet region (10-380 nm). The light source produces a white light ray which contains all wavelengths (all colors). The light ray directed to a monochromator by a mirror. The monochromator is used to separate light into specific wavelengths. Each wavelength corresponds to a different color. The instrument scans through the UV-Vis spectrum, sending different wavelengths of light through the sample. A single wavelength passes into the modulator, which consist of a rotor with mirrors that splits the light into two beams. One beam passes through the sample cell, while the other passes through the reference cell. Both sample and reference beams are redirected by mirrors into a detector. The detector compares their intensities of the two beams and sends a signal to the computer that controls the instrument. The signal is defined as abs orbance, which is a measurement of how much light is being absorbed by the sample at that particular wavelength. The Beer-Lambert law states that absorbance (A) is proportional to concentration of the absorbing species and path length of the medium over a certain time: In equation 1, is the molar extinction coefficient and has units of, the path length of the medium or L, is reassured in centimeters or cm and the concentration of the absorbing species has units of molarity or M. In this experiment a solution of cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate was analyzed using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The purpose of this experiment is to create a calibration curve of absorbance versus concentration by making series of dilutions of cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate. The calibration curve will then be used to determine the concentration of an unknown sample. The molar extinction coefficient for cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate will also be determined using the absorption at the concentrations of each dilution. Experimental Procedure: Using the analytical balance, 2.5072 g of cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate were weighed and placed into a 50 mL beaker. The purple solid was dissolved inside the beaker using 15 mL of distilled water. The purple liquid was then transferred to a 50 mL volumetric flask with the aid of a funnel. The beaker was then rinsed with another 15 mL portion of distilled water to collect any remaining cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate left behind and then was transferred to the 50 mL volumetric flask using the same funnel. Additional 20 mL of distilled water were added to the 50 mL volumetric flask to create the stock solution of cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate. Dilutions of the stock solution were made by transferring 2, 4, 6 and 8 mL of the stock solutions to four labeled 10 mL volumetric flasks. Distilled water was added to fill each flask to the line. The absorbance for each solution was calculated using spectrophotometer. Before any samples were analyzed, a sample containing just water was used to blank the instrument. A quartz cuvette was filled with distilled water and covered. The blank sample was placed in the sample holder in the back of the spectrophotometer. Using the program, the spectrophotometer parameters were set to scan the sample from 650 nm to3 90 nm. The program was also designed to automatically let the user know which sample to place next into the sample holder. After the blank sample was analyzed, the cuvette was rinsed with distilled water first and then with a small portion of the stock solution. The cuvette was then filled with a portion of the stock solution, covered and analyzed using the spectrophotometer. This procedure was repeated for all dilutions. After each analysis, the cuvette was first rinsed with distilled water and then rinsed with a small portion of the following sample. Results: In order to analyze the sample using the spectrophotometer, the compound needs to be present in the aqueous form. The copper (II) chloride hexahydrate appeared purple as a solid. After the 2.507 grams of copper (II) chloride hexahydrate were dissolved in 50 mL of distilled water, the compounds color changed from a dark purple to a pink colored solution. The concentration of the copper (II) chloride hexahydrate stock solution was found using the molecular weight of the compound, the amount of compound used and the amount of distilled water used to dissolve it. Table #1 shows the how the concentration of the copper (II) chloride hexahydrate stock solution was found. When the dilutions were made by taking 8, 6, 4 and 2 mL of the stock solution, the concentration of each dilution decreased proportionally to the amount of stock being added. The intensity of the pink color of each dilution also decreased as the amount of milliliters of distilled water increased. Table # 2 shows how the concentration for each dilution of the stock solution was calculated. The software was programmed to analyze the solutions in the following order, the blank sample, the stock solution (0.2100 M), the 0.1680 M dilution, the 0.1260 M dilution, the 0.0840 M dilution and 0.0420 M dilution. All samples were analyzed in the spectrophotometer, by using quartz cuvettes. The blank sample had no visual results as expected. When the 0.2100 M stock solution was analyzed by the spectrophotometer, the computers monitor displayed the formation of a graph starting at 650.00 nm on the x-axis and 0.00 Absorbance on the y-axis. After the graph passed 580.00 nm, the graphs absorbance values started to increase exponentially. The maximum absorbance value was recorded at 0.9993 and it occurred at maximum wavelength of 511.34 nm. After the was passed, the graphs absorbance values started to exponentially decreased until the graph reached 420.00 nm, after 420.00 nm the graphs absorbance values displayed a slightly constant pattern until the end of the graph at 380.00 nm. Similar results were observed for all the dilutions. The 0.16800 M dilution analysis showed a maximum wavelength of 510.92 nm and a maximum absorbance value of 0.7266. The 0.12600 M dilution analysis showed a maximum wavelength of 511.11 nm and a maximum absorbance value of 0.5703. The 0.0840 M dilution analysis showed a maximum wavelength of 510.98 nm and a maximum absorbance value of 0.4024. The 0.0420 M dilution analysis showed a maximum wavelength 510.75 nm and a maximum absorbance value of 0.1758. Table # 3 summarizes all the maximum wavelengths and absorbance values for the stock solutions and all its dilutions. Figure # 1 (appendix-pg 14) illustrates the graph for each solution. Using the data from table # 3, a calibration curve of absorbance versus concentration can be created. Figure # 2, the calibration curve can be found in the appendix section, page 13. The molar extinction coefficient for copper (II) chloride hexahydrate can be found using data found in Table # 3 and the Beer-Lambert law. By algebraically manipulating the Beer-Lambert equation (A = ÃŽ µ * L *c), the molar extinction coefficient (ÃŽ µ) for copper (II) chloride hexahydrate can be determined by: ÃŽ µ = A / L*c. The molar extinction coefficient for all the solutions can be found in Table # 4. The average molar extinction coefficient for copper (II) chloride hexahydrate was found to be 30445. A solution of unknown concentration was analyzed using the spectrophotometer following the same procedure as all other solutions. The solution of unknown concentration was found to have a maximum wavelength of 511.49 nm and a maximum absorbance value of 0.5715. The concentration of the unknown sample was determined using the equation of the line found on the calibration curve (page 13-Appendix). The unknowns absorbance value of 0.5715 was used as the y-value and the equation was solved for its correspondent x-value or concentration. The unknowns concentration was found to be 0.80 M. Table # 5 shows how the equation of the line from the calibration curve was used to determine the concentration of the unknown. Figure # 3 in the appendix section-pg 14, is a graph of all the solutions tested. In figure # 3, the unknown is easier to identify because the graph is in a landscape format and the x-axis increases by a factor of 20 nm as opposed to a factor of 50 nm in Figure # 1. Conclusion: The spectroscopic analysis of copper (II) chloride hexahydrate made the students familiar with operating a spectrophotometer. Dilutions to a stock solution of copper (II) chloride hexahydrate were made to examine how different concentrations of the compound affected the absorbance values of each sample. The copper (II) chloride hexahydrate was found to have the highest absorbance value at an average wavelength of 511.02 nm. A calibration curve for the concentration versus absorbance of copper (II) chloride hexahydrate was created using the data obtained from stock solution and dilutions using the spectrophotometer. A unknown sample was found to have a concentration of 0.1250 M. The concentration of the unknown was determined by using the calibration curve along with the data obtained from the spectrophotometer. The average molar extinction coefficient for copper (II) chloride hexahydrate was found to be 4.5172. The value for the molar extinction coefficient was determined using the t heory behind Beer-Lambert law and maximum absorbance values from the spectrophotometer. Discussion A different approach to determine the concentration of the unknown involves using the average molar extinction coefficient for copper (II) chloride hexahydrate found in table # 4. By algebraically manipulating the Beer-Lambert equation a formula for concentration can be derived: c = http://www.800mainstreet.com/elsp/Elsp.html

Save The Internet :: essays research papers fc

Did you know that 83.5% of the images available on the Internet were pornographic (Kershaw)? Did you know that pornography on the Internet is readily available to curious little children who happen to bump into them? Today, the Internet which has only become popular several years ago, is unequivocally one of the most revolutionary innovations in the computer world. The information superhighway has changed peoples' lives dramatically and have created many new exciting opportunities as well as markets to be exploited. But, unfortunately, the Internet also has created a haven for the depravity of pornography and hate literature. Therefore, this has called for immediate action and the only solution up to today is censorship. The Internet must be censored to the utmost. Many people complain that censorship is the violation of the first amendment and the suppression of freedom of speech but there is a point where freedom of speech becomes corrupt; freedom of speech only creates an excuse for the vile pornographers to poison our nation let alone our children. Pornography is regarded as immoral and downright filthy by the people. It denies human dignity and often stimulates the user to violent acts (Beahm 295). Therefore, pornography and violence are correlated. It trivializes the human beauty and converts it into commercialized slime (Beahm 295). Moreover, the consumption of pornography can lead to a detrimental addiction and the consumer can become a slave to it (Beahm 297). In short, pornography is a very addictive drug; which has an equal or more potency to hard-core drugs like heroin and cocaine. Can you imagine a ten year-old innocently surfing the Internet and suddenly bumps into a pornographic site depicting explicit images of naked women and becoming addicted to it? The damage is long-term and when the time comes, we will have a nation of perverts. Galbraith says, "The U.S. constitution does not forbid the protection of children from a pornographer's freedom of speech. That must be inferred through the First Amendment." These are our children and we have the right to protect them. The fact that pornography is damaging mentally is further aggravated as the availability of pornography to all Internet users is a major problem as well. The ridiculously easy accessibility to all types pornography; by anyone who logs into the Internet has raised a major concern from both the government and the public. The Internet, being the biggest interactive library ever existed, has no owner, President, chief operating officer or pope (Montoya). "Inevitably, being an uncontrolled system, means that the Internet will be subjected to subversive applications of some unscrupulous users." (Kershaw) Internet users can publish pornography and hate literature

Positive Enviroment Essay

Positive environment means environment which support all aspects of children’s and young people learning experience. This term is very comprehensive and must include lots of different aspects of learning which includes physical and emotional needs. The settings must provide appropriate conditions in order to encourage the development of the whole child (holistic way). Important part of positive environment is a space offered to run out an activities which support properly development of a child, therefore all settings must be divided for two basic areas such as outdoor and indoor activities. This areas are divided in smaller spaces in order to support children’s development which includes: physical development; personal, social and emotional development; intellectual development; communication, language and literacy development; creative development; problem solving, reasoning and numeracy; knowledge and understanding the world. Outdoor activities become an extension of those form inside. If planning offers painting indoor, there should be a space for outdoor painting too. As workers must support children in a holistic meaning this division is essential because children can experience a variety activities. Main indoor areas include: book corner (which could serve as quiet area or story time), small world, construction area, music area, homer/shop corner, creativity area, baby area in children’s centre. Outdoor areas extend those inside but there are also: slide, climbing structure, bicycle track or garden. Areas listed above may vary in some settings compared to others, as it all depends on the type of settings (day care, children’s centre, home setting) and the space which offers. The principal rule is to provide a safe environment therefore there must be enough space gap between individual activities and clear access to it. Children learning the best via experience. The activities must be planned in the way that gives them the opportunity to solve a problem and encourage them to be creative. Even though the children are under supervision and usually instruction given, they must have a freedom of their own choice and sense of independency. From the safe point of view all workers must be sure that activities such, as riding a bike or trickle, are located at a safe distance with the principles of health and safety regulations. They must take into account the relevant area to exploit the possibilities of learning experience. All the surfaces must be washable and easy to clean, floors non slippery as the messy activity could end up on the floor. Positive environment depends on the relationships between adults and children and creates positive ambience which is essential part in the learning journey. Practitioner must behave toward children with respect and be assured that all needs and interests has been addressed as well as plan all activities in the achievable way designed to a stage of development. Children under three years old should have a key person to establish closer relationship which makes a strong link between home and settings. Childcare settings must act on a basis of The Childcare Act 2006 and Early Years Foundation Stage Framework and be registered with: Child Early Years Register (EYS) for those who care for children between 0 and 5years. General Care Register (GCR) for those who care for children between 5 and 8 years and child attends for more than two hours per day. Ofsted is an organization which inspects all settings which cares for children for more than two hours per day in order to make sure that institution meets all requirements of positive environment. Therefore, in England exists an Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale which helps to achieve all aspects of the framework. We must not forget about Healthy and Safety Regulations and make sure that the illumination of the setting is appropriate and all areas are well lit. Setting should keep a tem. around 15-18 ? C or 20-22 ? C for babies. Ventilation plays very important role although there are no draughts acceptable. This in important to make sure that all door are locked and glass on windows toughened. All external gates should be locked and coded as appropriate with handles and locks out of reach of children. The safety gates should located of the stairways to avoid children climbing by themselves. Surfaces outdoor should be soft, stable, non-slippery and easily cleanable. Access points must be kept clear, unlocked and made known to children and adults. Environment policies and procedures must include: worm elcoming, clean and well maintained setting, sole use of premises, appropriate temperature, adequate space storage, appropriate rest areas, safe equipment, appropriate outdoor space and suitable equipment, appropriate toilets, kitchen facilities, safe supply of gas and electricity, security and supervision, awareness of fire safety, appropriate planning. Worm welcoming plays a big part in creating positive environment. We, as an adults, like to work in warm and welcoming atmosphere. The same applies to the children. Fist few minutes at the beginning of the day affect the rest of their stay. It is important to make them feel welcome and even show our joy of seeing them again. As children are good observers (that’s the way they learn too), it is our role to make sure to develop positive bond with the parents or carriers. When they see us respecting adults they will feel more trustful and safe. It is good practice to involve a child in adult to adult conversation by e. g. asking them how they feel that day. Some children are not much of talkers but being involved by such a simple question, even if they don’t answer, shows importance of their presence. For those with special needs such as hear impairment, is worth to make an effort and learn few greeting words in sign language. This certainly prove our interest and respect. To achieve this point of a day and be successful, worker needs to gather some information about child and the family. Surely, saying lots in English toward the child who has just came from other country without knowledge of language, is a bad idea, as it may affects in confusion and discouraged to participate in activities. Practitioner must be very sensible on this field in order to meet all needs of children and their parents. Planning an activities is a difficult task as it has to follow the curriculum and meets all particular needs of children. All activities should considered children involvement. Even though that certain activities has been planned and often there is a main theme to it, settings must make sure that child takes an active part in it. Another aspect of providing a positive environment for those with special needs – settings must be prepared to provide variety activities and properly access. There must be an adequate space for the wheelchair users (to move freely between areas) and ctivities which allowed them to participate and make their own choices. Worker supports child by giving them a choice in many ways. It is good practice to assist child with choosing the paint in a painting area. Older children clearly reach different level. Younger ones may be taking part in mixing two colours and older may actually choose it by themselves. Those under 3 years old could be encouraged to involved by choosing a play materials (big painting brush or sponge or fingers), but those over 4 years old could choose if they want to paint, or maybe they prefer to use crayons. Children will engage more with the activity if they feel to be a part of the whole process of planning and executing. By this simple act, children take the responsibility of their work and surly will enjoy more the whole experience. The key, is to make them involved and responsible for their actions. They still follow the curriculum, learn but with joy and interest. Practitioner role is to provide the choice, but as well must meet children individual needs. Everyone is different and learn in a different way. Observation is the best way to meet those needs and create accurate environment for children to be able to achieved the goals. Young people often adapted or extend the activities. If practitioner notice that child is implying transporting schema by carrying a building blocks in a doll pram, should provide more pushing resources indoor and outdoor. If, a child tries to wash a doll in a water tray which at the time contains e. g. sea creatures, this should be a sign to adapt some space toward the child demand. Some children shows their skills by trying to write letters, therefore practitioner should encourage them to sigh the picture using their name and create an activity which requires using letters. Worker should be aware that children comes up with lots ideas if they have chance to express themselves. Some planned activities may be transformed, therefore it is important to be flexible but ready for the changes in the same time, ensuring that there is enough space for and the activity is purposeful. Example: mum shares her concern about her child, taking shoes at home and lining it up in the living room; after is doing the same with his/her teddy bears. This very useful information for the setting. Practitioner must assure parent that is nothing wrong about that, this is a trajectory schema which child is playing. To extend this activity at setting, worker should provide for this child appropriate resources to play with such as big building blocks etc. , as well enough space for the activity and support child during a play time. Children learn by using their senses such as touch, taste, sight, hearing, smell. Those come before the language therefore settings must provide a variety activities to promote learning via senses. Touching different textures is great experience to explore the world. To promote this sense, ‘sensitive basket’ is recommended for younger children to feel and pull out of the box different objects. As objects are inside, child cannot see them, so all concentration goes to sense of touch. Older children can make a collage out of different textures papers and other materials. Playing with different size beans such as lentil or white beans, or sand makes a great experience. There are cushions filled with different content e. g. soft once with cotton or those with rice or sand inside. The textures could be found in outdoor area, such as walking surface, surface under the climbing structure or even a grass. Worker should always remember to support child in the smallest aspects and make sure to pay attention to their interests. If, the child is playing with a dough, it would appropriate to ask how it’s feels. And even connect few aspects of using a senses. If there was a colour added is good to point it out and encourage child to recognize it (sight sense). In order to make this experience more complex, it would be good idea to put in it some herbs and explore a sense of smell. Tasting could be a great fun supported by the e. g. ‘boost’ where children can try together different fruits and vegetable along with chopping, mashing or mixing. Setting supports carry out ‘special design’ activity, but simply try to spot, in what child is interested. Young babies responds to bright colours and contrast. The settings should use worm, bright colours to make the ambient useful and pleasant. There should be planned reading time and music time which support hearing sense. Displays, information notes, posters could be done using different textures and colours, materials, shapes. Some of the settings has a special designed sensory room or sensory gardens to promote use of senses. In order to feel confident we must feel good about ourselves. Human brain is designed to encode information received, therefore also an important aspect of practitioner work is to provide positive information as it result in a positive response. It is much better to say ‘I feel good today’ rather than‘ I don’t feel bad’, as the sentence contains negative aspect. Praising is the best way to pass a positive information and in a short future the memory will brings it out. To promote positive environment workers should use a lot of praising and encouraging children in their behaviour. The key is to concentrate on a small things and ignored little failures. If, the child is trying to colour provided picture and cannot stay with it in the lines, practitioner should give a lot of praise for the effort. Child will remember the fact, that even the picture was not perfect, he/she put a lot of work in it and most important, it was clearly noticed by the adult and praised truly. In the future he/she will feel more confident, resilience to approach another activity. Giving a lot praise develops self-esteem and confidence. In settings there are many ways to show the appreciation (specially in a bigger group) by giving a stickers, choosing a helper from the group, giving a certificate for the achievement, displaying all work has been done and sharing their success with others, including their parents. It is important to praise ‘at the time’, as younger children may not remember about the task before and won’t able to connect the fact that they successfully purred water into a cup during the lunch time. Praising small achievements is the same important as big ones. Other important part of setting is support the personal care needs of children and young people within a positive environment. This include: skin care, hair and teeth care. Skincare helps to avoid infections, so washing hands should be part of a daily routine. All children after outdoor activities should wash their hands using appropriate sink designed for them. Usually above it, there is a big poster explaining how to do it properly and why it is so important. As children must understand the world, it is good practise to promote healthily life style and explain why it is important to keep their hand nice and clean. This could be easily achieved by short talk about germs and batteries. Setting should apply a routine about that and make sure all kids remember what to do before e. g. snack time or after playing with sand. This will defiantly encourage them to take action and even with time they may start encourage others. During the summer time, when the sun is strong it is good practise to make sure, that all the children using a head to protect from the sunlight and sun block for their skin. Practitioner could support parent by recalling about applying it before activities. Some of the settings such, as day care, should always make an arraignment with parent and have a permission, if they wish a practitioner apply it on child skin during the stay in the setting. To avoid any types of allergies, settings should ask, if there are contraindicated connected with allergy or every other contraindications they wish to express. Settings should obey the rule, and keep children off the sun between 11 and 3 pm, sometimes however, in situation such as a school trip to ZOO is hard to avoid sun fully, that’s why heads should be covered, faces protected, high-factor sun cream applied. All actions should be made in agreement with a carrier and child himself. This applies to hair care, teeth care as well. Hair should be clean at all times to keep it healthily. There are a certain situation to deal with respect, such a hair lice. If this occurs in setting all parents should be informed to pay attention and check child hair on regular basis and begin a treatment as appropriate. As other kids could be cruel toward child who had head lice, workers should promote positive behaviour by explaining that this is a common thing and could happen to any of them, no matter how much their care about their hygiene. This talk will certainly create positive environment. Children should be aware about their teeth hygiene and how important is to keep it clean. As the teeth grows from early stage (milk teeth appears from around 6 months), setting should start learning activities and talk as soon as possible and in a manner suited to the child’s development stage. It is the same importance take care of milk teeth as a constant. To avoid decay, children should have balanced diet which doesn’t contain sugars, sometimes in drinks provided in lunch boxes, therefore in educational institution in UK, children are allowed to drink water and natural juices as it contain just natural sugar needed. The best way to carry out positive behaviour about hygiene and in order to create optimal conditions to support positive environment, it is essential to establish daily routines. Children depends on adults but knowing what happens next makes them feel safe. Routine gives them feeling of security environment and they can predict what is happening at the time. It is curtail to tell children about activities order, but they must be informed why those things happen. Even, us adults, we want to know why we’re doing certain work, not just ‘doing it to be done’. Children should understand the need of hands washing, tidying up after the play time and most of all, should know the cause of each action to a logical connection which results in understanding the facts and showing initiative. Practitioner should involve child in caring out the routine by e. g. letting them to hand a drinks or tiding up a certain area that they a responsible for. We must never forget about individual needs, and ensure that those with English additional language are supported. If children are regularly informed, they will learn about expectations. All settings must carry out a fire emergency evacuation routine. In a case of real emergency, children will exactly know how to behave. In a case of any changes to a routine, parents and children should be informed to avoid unexpected behaviour and confusion. Setting can prepare children for upcoming changes. Transition from reception to year one could be a difficult time, as children will change teacher, class room, and e. g. entrance gate. For this purpose, all children and parents should be informed about time to practice new collection procedure at the end of last days of summer term. Positive environment and routines meets emotional needs of children and their families. Settings should take in account the fact that all families are different and have different routines at home, therefore practitioner should always work with agreement with a parent. This applies to a sleeping and resting routine in a day-care setting for the young babies; or snacking time for older ones. Activities during the day should be balanced and meet parents expectations. Some parents may wish their child to sleep a lot during the day, so they can spend some more time with them in the evening; others may wish the child to drop the nap time in order to go to bed with their siblings. Although worker is not allowed to force child to do anything against their will – if parent wish his child to sleep during the day and child doesn’t want to do that, at this point is a good practice to talk with the parents about their child changing routines. If family is sharing toilet or bathroom with other family, child may have to wake up earlier therefore he/she may need more rest during the day to compensate early getting up. Relationship with parents and communication is very important. This can give information how the child feels that day – if, for e. g. the family has just came back from the long trip – child could feel more tired than usual and may need more rest during the day. To balance all this aspects practitioner should take into account the fact that some children may need more attention while other children are asleep. Setting must be prepared to provide activities which benefit child and not disturbing sleeping children. Physical activities encourages children and young people to develop all their physical skills. Setting should offer a variety of activities and range of equipment indoor and outdoor. There must be a balance between physical activities and rest time, as children will benefit play time only if they are rested. Rest and quiet times will vary according to the age and needs of children. Children with additional or special needs may have limited play opportunities, but it is a practitioner role to ensure that they contributed in many activities as possible.

Boston Beer Company SWOT Analysis

The Boston Beer Company is currently the largest craft beer company in the United States, however, the craft beer industry is growing in an otherwise shrinking market increasing the amount of serious competition that The Boston Beer Company is facing. In order to stay on top of the industry, The Boston Beer Company needs to find new, innovative ways of being the most appealing craft beer available to the average consumer.While The Boston Beer Company offers many different varieties of seasonal beer, they should begin to shift their focus to year-round specialty beers, such as a line of regional flavors based on their consumer’s regional taste preferences. Different regions across the United States have different taste preferences. American’s taste preferences are learned and tend to be centered on the type of food and flavors they consumed when they were growing up.Depending on the region that one grew up in, what culture influenced the local cuisine, and what spices we re readily available to cook with, consumers will tend to have varying tastes and flavor combinations. Consumers in the New Orleans area might prefer a beer with more of a Cajun-spice undertone while consumers in the Southwest United States might prefer a beer with more of a jalapeno or habanero spice undertone. Companies ranging from manufactures of potato chips to BBQ sauce market specific flavors to particular regions across the United States.If the flavor does especially well, then it is slowly released in other regions across the country. There are many different craft beer companies that provide regional flavors across the United States. These craft brewers tend to be much smaller in size than the Boston Beer Company therefore limiting the scope of their reach. The Boston Beer Company already has developed a presence across the United States, allowing the brewer to reach many more customers than their competitors. However, the Boston Beer Company has a variety of flavors that are available in all markets.By segmenting the market into different regions and focusing on regional preferences, they will be better equipped to compete with the smaller, regional competitors. By focusing on popular regional flavors, the Boston Beer Company will be able to increase their market share across the United States and compete with the smaller, local craft beer brewers on a more personalized level. Currently Sam Adams has a 19% share of the overall craft beer market but only a 1% share of the overall beer market.By increasing the overall market share, hopefully the Boston Beer Company will be able to increase their stake in the craft beer company by 6%, bringing their overall share to 25% and increase their presence in the overall beer market by 4%, bringing their share to 5%. As their market shares increase it is reasonable to presume that revenues will also rise. Over the last couple of years Boston Beer Company averaged an increase in revenues of 12% per year. If mark et share increases, then sales should hopefully increase by 8% bringing their annual revenue increase to 20% from the previous year.The first step to achieving these goals is to conduct a market study in each designated region (Far West, South East, Rocky Mountains, Plains, Great Lakes, South East, Mid-East and New England) focusing on the target demographic, 21-30 year olds with a disposable income, to determine which large cities would be more likely to support a nano-brewery, a very small brewery that brews several hundred 10 gallon batches of beer for sampling purposes, almost like a test kitchen, and be a viable test market. An outside, nationwide consultant firm should be hired to begin the regional studies.Market studies should focus on current local craft beers, number of local bars, and current market for new craft beers. Studies should begin at the beginning of the fiscal year and should be completed no later than the end of the second quarter. Each regional study should n ot exceed $75,000. Representatives from the outside consulting firm will report their finding to a carefully determined committee consisting of representatives from the following departments: Research and Development, Sales, Distribution, Real Estate, Finance, and Operations. The committee will then determine the cities with the most potential to move forward with.Representatives from the Real Estate Department will search the area for existing small, already existing brewery locations available to lease or rent. If no pre-existing locations are available, then competitors with the potential to buy out will be identified. Ideally, leases will be signed for a 7 year term, with the option to extend the lease after 5 years. All locations should be determined by the end of the third quarter. As soon as the areas are identified, members of the Human Resource Department will begin searching for Brew Master to run and operate each of the new nano-brewery locations.These Brew Masters can be identified from current brewery locations or from competitors local to the new locations. Training on the methods and policies of the Boston Beer Company should be immediately upon identification. Boston Beer Company should then conduct regional market studies to determine potential flavors for each specific region based off existing local craft breweries and popular regional flavor combinations. Each smaller market study should be conducted by local consulting firms who already have an understanding of the demographics and culture of the region they are studying.These studies should be completed by the end of the fourth quarter and should not exceed $25,000 each. The representatives of each consulting firms will meet with the existing committee to discuss their findings. Research and Development will look at the feasibility of each potential flavor combination and begin working with the Master Brewers for each nano-brewery location to begin production. After locations are determin ed and nano-breweries are functioning Boston Beer Company should conduct a test with a sample population from our target demographic to determine which beers should be put into production.After Master Brewers have several test batches of beer completed a sample population of volunteers will test the beers and provide feedback to the Master Brewers. The surveys and taste tests will be conducted by contracted local market research companies. Potential candidates for the survey and taste tests could be found on local university campuses and military bases, as the members of these groups tend to fall into the desired age demographic and are likely to consume alcoholic beverages in a social setting.Each study should have at least 200 participants, covering a wide variety of taste preferences and demographic back grounds. Instead of monetary compensation, participants will be paid with free beer samples and a case of any currently existing Sam Adams beer product, thereby cutting down on e xpenses. The market research company will provide transportation for study participants in order to insure no member of the research party will drive after consumption of alcohol. Each market study should be no more than $5,000 and be completed over the course of a period (one month).Master Brewers and 5 selected members of the research and development team will then take the compiled feedback and analyze the data provided. The group will be looking for any common trends, such as beers that score high on taste and appeal to decide which beer flavors to pursue and what adjustments, if any, need to be made to less desirable flavors. Lastly, Boston Beer Company should work with local bars and pubs and arrange mutual beneficial agreements where they are able to place newly created flavors on tap for three to six months to determine the beer’s popularity in the regional market.If the beer flavor remains popular for a year, then it will be sent to the brewery in Georgia and be put into increased production and sold to grocery stores and other outlets in bottled form. Local sales of the flavors available in bottled form will be closely monitored in order to determine overall approval. If the sales continue to grow for an extended period of time, roughly one year, than studies will be conducted in other regions to determine if a national release would be profitable.Each region should have their own regional sales team to carefully monitor the local markets in order to find key local bars and regional festivals in which the Boston Beer Company will be able to show case their new flavors. Another critical issue faced by Boston Beer Company is maintaining the freshness of the beer as is passes through the distribution system from the breweries to the direct consumers. To maintain the beers freshness, Boston Beer should construct or acquire more company owned breweries throughout the U. S. to align themselves in better geographical positions in order to reduce stoc kpiling of inventory for wholesalers and distributors.They should do so through the use of efficient information systems that provide accurate forecasts and real-time data. Boston Beer should work with the distributors on developing and integrating such systems. By constructing and acquiring more company owned breweries, Boston Beer can maintain its superior product quality and always give the customer the freshest beer in their selection choice in any environment.The initial costs of expanding will be offset by repeat customers who desire quality beer, which will lead to increased revenues and a greater market share in the industry. Without the additional breweries, Boston Beer Company will continue to store inventory for long periods of time in order to keep up with the demand for the product, but with the new breweries, Boston Beer Company will be able to implement more of a Just in Time approach to inventory management.Also, with the new breweries in better geographical position s Boston Beer will be able to provide its  wholesalers and distributors inventory much quicker than before, thus reducing the size of each order. As opposed to ordering enough inventory to get them through to the next shipment, wholesalers and distributors will order less inventory, but at a more constant rate. Since the orders will be more constant, but much smaller, Accounts Receivable for Boston Beer Company will decrease. To achieve these goals, first, a real estate campaign will go into effect in the first quarter of 2014 to identify real estate properties in Texas.Representatives from the Real Estate Department will search the Texas area for existing already existing brewery locations available to lease or rent. If no such establishment is available, then the representatives will begin searching for possible build locations. Boston will implement the Texas project only if the cost for full implementation is less than $45 million. The company would like to see their new compa ny owned brewery in operation by the fourth quarter of 2014. The campaign will also evaluate breweries in Georgia in the same fashion.The breweries in Georgia will, hopefully, be leased for 5-7 years with the option of renewing the contract after 5 years to maintain their presence in the supply chain network if their efforts prove successful. They will take their findings to the board and display why they chose those potential properties and breweries. The board will consider the value of each property and brewery to determine what implications the proposed projects in those areas will have on their supply chain network. The board has the final say in whether those projects will be taken.The Finance Department will undergo analysis of the capital structure of the Texas brewery and determine the level of debt taken as long as the level of equity is within the board’s set limit of 55%-65%. Final authorization will, however, remain with the board. Once the breweries have been ei ther built or leased, production of beer will begin. This action step will be fully integrated with the action step from the previous critical issue. The new Texas brewery will begin production of Boston Beer Company’s core products, including Sam Adams Boston Lager and Rebel IPA, as well as seasonal beers, including Winter Lager and Summer Ale.Georgia, on the other hand, will focus purely on the specialty beers and the regional beers mentioned previously. Once a new beer from one of the regions has been formulated by the Master Brewers, has passed the taste test by the sample population of volunteers, and then has remained popular for over a year in the local bars and pubs, it is to begin production in bottled form in a different region. The Master Brewer from whichever region the new beer has been produced will be brought to the Georgia brewery to teach the Master Brewer and staff the recipe and how to make the beer.Georgia will then put into production the new beer and for distribution to other regions. In an effort to coincide with the Freshest Beer Program, once the breweries are operating, Boston Beer will assign its logistics department use linear regression and exponential smoothing forecasts to determine the amount of inventory needed to be shipped to wholesalers on a one to two week basis. The logistics department will then meet with the sales and operations departments and report the results of these tests. The operations department will take these results and begin a plan of action to distribute the beer.Boston Beer’s sales department will then begin to work with their wholesaler’s sales departments to help aid in the overall forecasting of the supply chain in order to make more efficient forecasts and production planning schedules. The reduction of inventory by wholesalers will significantly reduce the Accounts Receivables while simultaneously reducing the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and Stale Beer Reserve on the books of Boston Beer and allow them to enter into more reliable collection terms on their sales.This will also allow them to carry more cash on hand which they should use for marketing their regional flavors to the Far West, South East, Rocky Mountains, Plains, Great Lakes, South East, Mid-East and New England regions to help stimulate sales for the Georgia brewery as well as market their traditional flagship brands to the Midwest to boost sales for the Texas brewery.In the next step, engineers from the MIS Department will be allocated $150,000 to install operating systems before distribution begins that will be used for the Texas brewery and create e-business tools that allow them to track order and delivery time, manage weather conditions, and respond to quickly changing customer demands. By implementing an effective internal communications system, a team from the Distribution Department will use the data to coordinate its shipping vehicles to their customers and intervene if things drift off course.Management will implement a DMAIC model of Six Sigma to continuously improve the distribution processes and reduce variability in the performance of their distribution system. Boston Beer Company should then hire an outside national consulting firm to search for potential brokers or agents who will distribute and stock its beer for the Georgia and Texas breweries. Currently Boston Beer Company has only one channel of distribution for its products. Since each and every state is different with its laws pertaining to handling alcohol, more distribution channels will need to be implemented.Since most states have laws in place preventing beer manufacturers from selling and distributing beer straight to retailers and consumers Boston Beer Company must use the brokers or agents that the consulting firm will search for. The consulting firm will report its findings with the following departments: Finance, Accounting, Sales, and Operations. The committee will then determine which, if any, of the brokers or agents found to begin operations with. Each study, one in Georgia and one Texas, should not exceed $50,000.Also, with the consolidation of the beer industry, big companies like InBev, SABMiller, and Molson Coors, there is some potential that exists for them to increase their influence with distributors making it difficult to for Boston Beer to maintain favorable contractual agreements with these distributors who carry less Boston Beer products than the bigger company products. To mitigate this risk, Boston Beer will allow $3,000,000 to be invested in order to acquire smaller distributors around their Texas and Georgia brewery.All acquisitions should be completed by the fourth quarter of 2014 to ensure distribution needs will be met for the new facilities. The last step in the process to ensure the freshness of Boston Beer Company’s beer is for the purchasing department for the Texas brewery will contract their malt ingredients with their current vend or in the U. S. They will conduct multi-term deals with their hops ingredients from English vendors of which they already are in connection. They will, however, hedge their foreign currency commitments to minimize the risk of potential depreciation of the Pounds Sterling.The apples will be contracted from various vendors on multiyear deals throughout the European market and yeast will continue to be purchased from current vendors. The productions facility will be allotted $150,000 to construct a cold storage facility that can hold a six months’ supply of hops and to maintain storage facilities for yeast, malt, and apples in order to safeguard against catastrophic events that could occur at other facilities within the company. The Georgia and Texas breweries will follow the same approach as the Boston brewery.

Chicago Referencing †Citing an Edited Book (Proofread My Paper)

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DD121 TMA01 - Essay Example This means learning to be aware of how to structure the essay, which style of writing to use, how to reference the sources, how to engage the reader in an absorbing discussion, and of course by avoiding plagiarism. The ‘Rules of TMA Writing’ stipulate in section 2.2.3 to organize the â€Å"material into a cohesive structure’. We must assume that the reader is unfamiliar with the contents, so needs to be taken through the essay from the beginning to the end with one idea contained in each paragraph. This also means it is very important to make points clear and that the reader is guided through each stage in the arguments. It is normal practice to structure the main body of the essay by preceding it with a good gentle introduction to acquaint the reader with what is to be expected, and followed by a solid conclusion that briefly summarises and articulately encapsulates the main thrust of the essay. The main body is the most important section. It should develop the key points citing relevant evidence where necessary. The title should reflect the nature of the essay and at the end there should be a references section to acknowledge any external sources used in the construction of the essay. The hierarchical order would therefore be as follows: title, introduction, main section, conclusion, and references. It is extremely important to acknowledge the sources used. It is morally and ethically wrong to try and â€Å"pass off someone else’s words as your own words†. This corrupt practice is called ‘plagiarism’. It is permissible to quote from an academic source to support your own essay, any arguments and examples, but full details must then be given using quotation marks as to where the supporting information was acquired. A definition of crime depends on the context of which framework it is perceived from. An act that is considered a crime from one perspective may not necessarily be considered a crime from

Intro to the Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intro to the Humanities - Essay Example The music of this era was very expressive, and melody became the central feature. Composers even used melody to display nationalism. This became a motivating force in the late Romantic period, as composers used rudiments of folk music to express their cultural identity. The romantic generation saw Beethoven as their ideal of a heroic artiste, a man who first devoted the Eroica Symphony to Consul Bonaparte as a champion of freedom and then dared Emperor Napoleon by striking him out from the dedication of the Symphony In the Romantic period, the virtuoso performances gained great popularity. Extraordinarily gifted performers - pianists, violinists, and singers all became extremely popular. Franz Liszt personified all of the great ambitions of the Romantic era, and several of its contradictions. In his early career, he was an extravagant virtuoso, an architect of new and adventurous music. Later, he became a priest, wrote sacred music, and championed the music of a new generation. As a virtuoso pianist, he filled his piano music with unbelievable technical demands, and represents the ultimate in nineteenth century virtuosity. George Gordon, Lord Byron was an Anglo-Scottish bard and a leading figure in Romanticism. Among Lord Byrons best-known works are the narrative poems Childe Harolds Pilgrimage and Don Juan. He was considered as one of the greatest European poets and remains widely read even today. Lord Byrons fame was due not only on his works but also on his life, which was marked by extravagant living, plentiful love affairs, debts, separation, and charges of incest and sodomy.The Byronic hero first created in Childe Harolds Pilgrimage is an idealized, but flawed, character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron .Thomas B. Macauley defined the Byronic hero as, â€Å"proud moody, cynical with defiance on his brow, and misery in his heart implacable in revenge yet capable of deep and

DD121 TMA01 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DD121 TMA01 - Essay Example This means learning to be aware of how to structure the essay, which style of writing to use, how to reference the sources, how to engage the reader in an absorbing discussion, and of course by avoiding plagiarism. The ‘Rules of TMA Writing’ stipulate in section 2.2.3 to organize the â€Å"material into a cohesive structure’. We must assume that the reader is unfamiliar with the contents, so needs to be taken through the essay from the beginning to the end with one idea contained in each paragraph. This also means it is very important to make points clear and that the reader is guided through each stage in the arguments. It is normal practice to structure the main body of the essay by preceding it with a good gentle introduction to acquaint the reader with what is to be expected, and followed by a solid conclusion that briefly summarises and articulately encapsulates the main thrust of the essay. The main body is the most important section. It should develop the key points citing relevant evidence where necessary. The title should reflect the nature of the essay and at the end there should be a references section to acknowledge any external sources used in the construction of the essay. The hierarchical order would therefore be as follows: title, introduction, main section, conclusion, and references. It is extremely important to acknowledge the sources used. It is morally and ethically wrong to try and â€Å"pass off someone else’s words as your own words†. This corrupt practice is called ‘plagiarism’. It is permissible to quote from an academic source to support your own essay, any arguments and examples, but full details must then be given using quotation marks as to where the supporting information was acquired. A definition of crime depends on the context of which framework it is perceived from. An act that is considered a crime from one perspective may not necessarily be considered a crime from

Admission Essay Example for Free

Admission Essay The various choices that we make in our lives greatly affect the way we dictate our future. These decisions catapult us towards our own individual vision and mission in life. The education that we get is only one aspect to attain success. Knowledge without hard work and dedication is only a half-hearted gesture. Equipped with these reasons, I would like to present myself to my classmates in graduate school. I know that each one in this class has their own unique reasons why they are pursuing such degree. Personally, I took this course because I wanted to use all the skills and objectives towards my development and use it as a tool towards the stepladder of my career. During this time of increasing challenges and high competitiveness when it comes to the work environment, each one must have the adequate skills to have an advantage over my fellow counterparts. By doing this, I can be dynamic in my professional career and also feel a sense of fulfillment in everything that I do. Looking at my previous experience, I can say that I have had my fair share of success and trials in my career as an accountant. See more: Social process essay My previous educational achievements date back in 2003 wherein I finished my Bachelor’s degree in Economics at Northeast (Dongbei) University of Finance and Economics. My interest in mathematics then brought me towards the field of Accounting wherein I finished my Becker CPA Review Scholarship in 2006 at University of Missouri with a GPA of 3. 82. These educational attainments provided me with the firm theoretical background that I can use as I engage as a professional in various work environments. The next big challenge for me is the taking up the licensure examinations for it tested my ability of analysis, retention and other related skills. After months of hard work and perseverance, I passed my CPA exams at Missouri in February 2007 and garnering an average of 90. 7. Also, the next year, I took and passed my Actuarial examination that happened last May 2008. This event gave me the opportunity and privilege to practice my profession and get a stable job that can help me further my career. After the grueling examinations at my licensure exams, I had now to tackle the real challenges brought about by the workplace. Last 2007, I was a staff accountant at Glen Martin Engineering in Boonville. I was designated towards auditing, reviewing, analyzing and preparing reports that mattered to the company. Moreover, I effectively monitored the inflow and outflow of goods and capital inside as I try to account various orders. Currently, I am affiliated with G4S International in New York. My job description is relatively the same with my previous employment; however the new one also focuses on issues such as revenue forecast, bank reconciliation, and monthly and annual task reports. This is how I want my classmates to know who I am. I continuously strive for betterment and have the adage that â€Å"to be the best among the rest, one must never stop learning and believing in possibilities†. By knowing your own weaknesses, you can be able to exert extra effort to provide the best of your capabilities. Due to this, I also aspire that the course can be able to do the same for students. It must be able to provide the necessary avenues to enhance our skills and provide an efficient strategy to realize this. In the end, I urge my fellow classmates to give their best in everything that is being given to them. They must constantly strive towards not only on their individual development but also on others. By doing this, not only can they uplift their individual capabilities, but also foster an effective and effective classroom environment. My name is Xue Bai and I deem to have a good semester with each one of you.

Owning A Guinea Pig As A Pet

Owning A Guinea Pig As A Pet ABSTRACT Have you ever owned a guinea pig as a pet? These small animals make a perfect family pet and enjoy spending quality time with their owners. Snuggling, eating, and playing are all things that guinea pigs generally love doing. With some knowledge of guinea pigs and how to care for them, owning a pet guinea pig can be a very enjoyable experience for both you and your pet. GLOSSARY Diagnose: to determine the  identity of a disease or illness by a medical  examination Gastrointestinal tract: the stomach and intestine as a functional unit Homeostasis: the tendency of a system, especially the  physiological system of higher animals, to maintain internal stability, owing to the coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus tending to disturb its normal condition or function. Husbandry: the science of breeding, rearing, and caring for animals. Neuter: having no organs of reproduction; without sex; asexual. 1 INTRODUCTION Just like any other domestic pet that we see today, guinea pigs have a long history of domestication. Guinea pigs are a member of the rodent species, but have their own unique physical and behavioral characteristics that set them apart from other rodents. There are a lot of special needs that guinea pigs share to maintain a happy and healthy life. Good husbandry is the best way of assuring that a pet will live to its full potential. Understanding guinea pigs is a great start to a long fulfilling relationship between an owner and their special little pet. HISTORY OF THE GUINEA PIG Origin Guinea pigs, also known as cavies, originated from the Peru region of the Andes Mountains where it is referred to as cuy (Forstadt, n.d., para.7; para. 9). It is here that the familiar rodent can be found roaming freely in the wild just like our everyday squirrel. The wild guinea pig prefers a variety of habitats including rocky, swampy, and woody areas. Being most active at night, they prefer to rest in their burrows during the day (Forstadt, n.d., para. 6). They live in colonies usually with one male and six to seven females. In a wild guinea pig colony, the presence of more than one male usually leads to the males fighting to the death (Hirst, n.d., para. 4). Why They Were Domesticated Domestication of the guinea pig is thought to have begun around 5000 years B.C.; however, some parts of their history are a little blurry. Physical records have been found showing evidence of guinea pig domestication as early as 900 B.C. (Forstadt, n.d., para. 7). In their native land, guinea pigs are used for many different purposes, but seldom kept as pets. The people of the Andes Mountains rely on breeding guinea pigs for meat. In most cases, a mating pair of guinea pigs will be gifted to a newlywed couple and then cared for mostly by the women and children of the family(Forstadt, n.d., para. 11; para. 12). By raising them personally, an Andes Mountain family can usually produce approximately twelve pounds of meat per month (Hirst, n.d., para. 5). Though meat is their main purpose to the Andes Mountain people, guinea pigs are also used in religious and other cultural ceremonies. They are also used in medicine, both to diagnose and treat those considered to be ill or weak. Though they are bred mainly for food, guinea pigs are crucial to, and respected in, the Andes Mountain culture (Forstadt, n.d., para. 14). How They Became Pets After domestication in its native land, the guinea pig was later introduced in Europe where it became popular as a household pet. The cause of its popularity is said to be Queen Elizabeth I keeping one as a pet. From this point on, domestication of the guinea pig continued turning the small rodent species into a very popular choice of pet in many parts of the world (Forstadt, n.d., para. 8). CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GUINEA PIG Behavior From personal experience I can inform you that guinea pigs make excellent pets. Unlike other domestic rodents, guinea pigs are naturally timid and love companionship. In the wild, guinea pigs are very social animals and they require the same companionship when they are kept as pets (Social life, n.d., para. 2). There are many distinct behavioral characteristics that guinea pigs share that set them apart from other rodent species. Their unique vocalizations, humorous actions, and cuddly nature are sure to amuse any pocket pet lover. Guinea pigs seem to have their own unique language. There are many different sounds that can be heard when in the presence of these small rodents and all of these sounds have different meanings. Knowing what these sounds mean will help the owner to better understand their pet and assist in building a stronger relationship between them (McLeod, n.d., para. 1). One of the most common vocalizations of the guinea pig is called wheeking, this habitually corresponds with excitement for food or attention (McLeod, n.d., para. 3). Another sound that is frequently heard from a content guinea pig is called purring, this sound signifies that the animal is having a pleasurable experience, usually when being petted or while cuddling (McLeod, n.d., para. 4). If you ever hear teeth chattering it usually means that the animal is annoyed or angry and this is sometimes followed by showing of the teeth or a bite. Though it is uncommon for a guinea pig to display this type of aggressive behavior toward a person, it sometimes occurs when introducing two males. If this behavior occurs during an introduction, then the two males should be separated before one gets a chance to attack (McLeod, n.d., para.6). When guinea pigs are extremely frightened or hurt they will project a sound called shrieking. This is a very loud, high pitched, repetitive sound and if it is ever heard then the guinea pig should be thoroughly examined for any signs of injury (McLeod, n.d., para. 9). There are many other sounds that a guinea pig can produce, but they are heard less frequently or, in some cases, not at all. Guinea pigs also communicate by using body language that sometimes goes hand in hand with the distinct sounds they produce. Some gestures signify playfulness, whereas others may be a warning. Whatever the gesture may be, knowing what these actions mean will also help an owner to understand their pet. One gesture frequently observed is called popcorning. With a well deserved name, the animal will pop itself up into the air, often repeatedly, while tossing their head upward and kicking their hind legs back. This gesture is most frequently seen in younger guinea pigs and it signifies a very happy and playful animal (McLeod, n.d., para. 13). Among many other playful gestures that may be observed, there are also some behaviors that are intended to warn when a guinea pig is upset. When agitated, a guinea pig may stiffen its legs and head while rising its body up higher than usual, this is usually a good time to back off and let the animal have some space. Any number of aggressive behaviors may be combined depending on the severity of annoyance. Some of these behaviors include, but are not limited to, hissing, fluffing of the fur, and showing of the teeth (McLeod, n.d., para. 17). Once an owner has an understanding of their guinea pigs personality, both parties will share a very healthy and happy relationship. Appearance Guinea pigs usually grow to lengths of approximately ten inches long and weigh one to two pounds (Hirst, n.d., para. 2). They have stout bodies with a large and elongated head that is equivalent to approximately one third of their entire body length. Guinea pigs do not have tails and their ears are large and rounded (Pavia, 2005, p. 18). They have short stubby legs and small padded feet. Though guinea pigs may have little variance in shape and size, their coats come in a variety of colors, texture, and length. The wild cavy is usually only found in shades of gray or brown and generally have short to medium length fur. Through years of domestication, an outburst of different colors and coat types has been created (Forstadt, n.d., para. 6). There are many different breeds of guinea pigs but only 13 are recognized in the United States (Nash, n.d., para. 1). Each having their own unique physical characteristics, some breeds are Skinny, American, Coronet, and Texel. Ranging from almost hairless to very long hair, these breeds all have similar body types but look very different. The Skinny guinea pig is almost completely hairless but may have some patches of fur (Guinea pigs, 2008, para. 16). The American guinea pig is shorthaired and has a very smooth looking coat (Guinea pigs, 2008, para.8). Coronet guinea pigs have an extremely long coat that has a smooth appearance and requires special grooming, and the Texel guinea pig has a long coat that is very crimpy and wavy (Guinea pigs, 2008, para.4; para. 5). Seeing all of the different breeds that have been genetically mastered through intricate breeding portrays the passion that people have for these small pocket pets. GUINEA PIG HUSBANDRY Housing Providing an adequate clean space, a fresh wholesome diet, and meeting grooming needs are all essential for keeping a happy and healthy guinea pig. Guinea pigs are social animals, having a cage mate can do a lot for their health. It is recommended that males are not kept with other males; however, if they are litter mates they may get along nicely. Females and males get along great, as do females with other females. Guinea pigs can reproduce rather quickly, unless neutering is an option, it is not recommended to house a male and female together (Guinea pig care, n.d., para. 4). A minimum of four square feet should be kept for each guinea pig in the cage. They need room to exercise and get away from each other if they need too (Guinea pig care, n.d., para. 5). Guinea pigs sleep the best if they have their own covering to crawl in, providing some sort of cubby or dome for each animal in the cage is essential for good health. Besides providing a cage mate, hiding spaces and toys appropriate for guinea pigs in their habitat may help keep them from getting too bored (Guinea pig care, n.d., para. 8). It is essential to keep their environment as clean as possible with good ventilation. The bottom of a guinea pig cage should be solid with no wire or mesh lining; these types of surfaces are good for sanitation but can injure the animals feet. Glass aquariums do not provide enough ventilation, a solid plastic or metal base with a wired top is a great guinea pig environment (Guinea pig care, n.d., para. 5). The bedding used in a guinea pig cage should not be cedar or pine. Both of these woods contain oils that are bad for the animals health. Other types of wood shavings, hay, or grass may be appropriate (Guinea pig care, n.d., para. 7). Personally, I use an all natural paper bedding which, in my opinion, is the most safe and comfortable. It is thick and cotton ball-like and it produces little to no dust. Supplying everything in the guinea pigs cage to keep them comfortable and entertained is crucial. Diet Guinea pigs love to eat and they have some special needs when it comes to their diet. They have sensitive gastrointestinal tracts and providing an unlimited amount of timothy hay or orchard grass aids in their digestion (Vital vittles, 2009, para. 4). Commercial pellets should be fed everyday; however, only one eighth of one cup should be provided (Vital vittles, 2009, para. 2). Approximately one cup of a fresh leafy green mixture should be served daily as well as small amounts of fresh fruit and other fresh vegetables (Guinea pig feeding, 2009, para. 4). Some leafy green vegetables that should be offered on a daily basis are kale, mustard greens, spinach, romaine, and parsley (Vital vittles, 2009, para. 14). Vegetables that are good to feed, but less frequently, are carrots, celery, and sweet potatoes (Vital vittles, 2009, para. 15). Fruits should not be offered in large quantities because they contain excess amounts of sugar. Fruits are usually served as a treat and may include app les, pears, blueberries, kiwi, and strawberries (Vital vittles, 2009, para. 17). Not all fruits and vegetables are healthy to a guinea pig. Some foods that are not good for a guinea pigs health are iceberg lettuce, seeds, nuts, collard greens, bok choy, and beans (Vital vittles, 2009, para.16; para. 20). Guinea pigs need a lot of vitamin C to support their immune system, adding a supplement to their water and supplying vitamin C to their everyday diet is crucial for maintaining homeostasis (Vital vittles, 2009, para. 5). Grooming Grooming branches off into different things that prevent certain conditions that could potentially affect the animals health. Having continually growing teeth, the guinea pig lays at risk of a very painful condition. If proper materials to help wear down their teeth are not provided, their teeth can become over grown and possibly grow into other areas of their mouth. This condition could also prevent the animal from eating, resulting in starvation (Guinea pig pet care, n.d., para. 6). Personally, I provide things such as untreated wood blocks, toilet paper rolls, and a daily supply of hay to help keep the teeth a healthy length. In some cases, providing these items for the guinea pig may not work well enough and manual filing may be required. Just like the teeth, toenails can also become overgrown and uncomfortable. Toenails may be worn down naturally if a hard surface is provided in the cage, but sometimes they have to be trimmed manually (Guinea pig pet care, n.d. para. 5). Having a hairless or short haired guinea pig is less demanding then having a long haired guinea pig. They are generally clean animals and bathing is not required often; however, longhaired guinea pigs require frequent brushing to prevent knots from forming in their fur (Guinea pig pet care, n.d. para. 9). CONCLUSION Despite their original purpose in their native land, guinea pigs make excellent family pets. Their wacky gestures, unique sounds, and stout appearance are sure to make anyone crack a smile. Guinea pigs are the happiest when paired with another guinea pig. Providing good husbandry will reduce the risk of disease in any animal. While caring for a guinea pig does have some special demands, it is worth it.